Hindi Vyakaran — or Hindi Grammar — is the foundation of the Hindi language. Just as bricks form the base of a building, Hindi Vyakaran forms the structure of Hindi sentences. Whether you’re learning Hindi as a native speaker, a second language, or preparing for competitive exams, a deep understanding of Hindi Vyakaran is essential.
In this complete guide, we will cover the major topics of Hindi grammar in an easy-to-understand format, suitable for beginners and intermediate learners.
What is Hindi Vyakaran?
The word “Vyakaran” comes from Sanskrit and means “explanation or analysis of language.” In simple terms, it is the set of rules that help us read, write, speak, and understand Hindi correctly.
Vyakaran deals with:
- How words are formed
- How sentences are constructed
- How sounds change when words combine
- How meaning changes with word order and structure
Why Should You Learn Hindi Grammar?
Hindi is a rich and systematic language. Learning its grammar helps you:
- Speak fluently and correctly
- Write without errors
- Understand sentence structure
- Score well in school and competitive exams
- Appreciate literature, poetry, and cultural nuances
Main Components of Hindi Vyakaran
Let’s explore the major parts of Hindi grammar that every learner should know.
1. Varnamala (Alphabet System)
Hindi uses the Devanagari script, which consists of:
- Swar (Vowels) – 13 vowels
- Vyanjan (Consonants) – 33 consonants.There are also Matras (vowel signs) used to combine vowels with consonants.
2. Shabd (Words)
Words are the basic units of sentences. In Hindi grammar, they are classified as:
a. Sangya (Noun)
Used to name people, places, things, or ideas.
Example: (girl), (Delhi), (book)
b. Sarvnaam (Pronoun)
Replaces nouns to avoid repetition.
Example: (he/she), (this)
c. Kriya (Verb)
Describes an action, event, or state.
Example: (to eat), (to play)
d. Visheshan (Adjective)
Describes or qualifies a noun.
Example: (big), (beautiful)
e. Kriya Visheshan (Adverb)
Describes or qualifies a verb.
Example: (quickly), (slowly)
f. Samuchaybodhak (Conjunction)
Joins words or sentences.
Example: (and), (but)
g. Prepositions and Particles
Known as Avyaya, these are indeclinable words.
Example: (for), (after)
3. Ling (Gender)
In Hindi, nouns and pronouns have two genders:
- Pulling (Masculine) – (boy), (man)
- Striling (Feminine) – (girl), (woman)
Verbs and adjectives change according to gender.
Example:
4. Vachan (Number)
Number refers to singular and plural forms:
- Ek Vachan (Singular) – (child)
- Bahuvachan (Plural) – (children)
5. Kaarak (Cases)
Kaarak tells us the role of a noun/pronoun in a sentence. There are 8 types:
- Karta (Subject) – Who is doing the action
- Karm (Object) – Who/what is receiving the action
- Karana – Means or tool of the action
- Sampradaan – Receiver or beneficiary
- Apadaan – Point of separation
- Sambandh – Relationship
- Adhikaran – Location or time
- Samvadhan – Addressing someone
Example:
Here, is the Karta, is Sampradaan, and is Karm.
6. Kaal (Tense)
Hindi verbs change based on the time of action, just like English. There are three tenses:
- Vartamaan Kaal (Present Tense) – (I play)
- Bhoot Kaal (Past Tense) – (I played)
- Bhavishya Kaal (Future Tense) – (I will play)
Each tense changes based on gender and number.
7. Vaakya (Sentence)
A sentence in Hindi follows the SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) structure.
Types of sentences:
- Varnanatmak Vaakya (Declarative) – Prashnavachak Vaakya (Interrogative)
- Agyatmak Vaakya (Imperative)
- Vismayadibodhak Vaakya (Exclamatory)
8. Sandhi (Word Combination Rules)
Sandhi means the joining of two words where sounds may change:
- Swar Sandhi – Combination of vowels
- Vyanjan Sandhi – Combination of consonants
- Visarga Sandhi – Sound changes when words ending with “ः” join others
9. Samaas (Compound Words)
When two or more words combine to form a new, concise word, it’s called Samaas.
Types of Samaas:
- Dvandva – Equal importance: (mother-father)
- Tatpurush – Modifier + main word: (village + dweller)
- Bahuvrihi – Descriptive: (one who holds a wheel)
- Dviguh – Numeric: (three-eyed)
10. Muhavare and Lokoktiyan (Idioms and Proverbs)
These are expressive phrases used in everyday language.
- Muhavara (Idiom) – Fixed phrases with hidden meanings.
Example: – to run away
- Lokokti (Proverb) – Wise sayings or folk expressions.
Example: – someone not worthy of understanding value
Tips to Master Hindi Grammar
- Start with basics like nouns, gender, and number.
- Practice sentence writing daily.
- Read Hindi books or newspapers to see grammar in context.
- Watch Hindi videos or shows with subtitles.
- Use workbooks and apps for grammar exercises.
- Solve grammar questions from exam papers.
- Make a grammar journal to revise regularly.
Conclusion
Hindi Vyakaran is not just about rules—it’s about understanding the structure and beauty of the Hindi language. With regular practice and a step-by-step approach, you can easily grasp even the toughest topics.
Remember: Grammar is the backbone of any language. Once you master Hindi grammar, speaking and writing becomes natural, confident, and accurate. Whether you’re preparing for an exam or simply want to speak better Hindi, this guide can serve as your roadmap to success.